Quarks and gluons: The JADE experiment at DESY

A new paper in EPJ H describes the JADE experiment at DESY in Hamburg, in which high-energy electron-positron collisions led to the discovery of the particle that holds quarks together to form protons and neutrons: the gluon.

New York | Heidelberg, 15 February 2023

The DESY research centre in Hamburg has been at the centre of German physical science research since the 1960s, leading to important discoveries about the fundamental structure of matter. One experiment at DESY, known as JADE, recorded data on electron-positron collisions between 1979 and 1986. Siggi Bethke from the Max Planck Institute of Physics in Munich and Albrecht Wagner from DESY have now reviewed the history of JADE in the journal EPJ H: Historical Perspectives on Contemporary Physics.

The name JADE derives from the countries involved in its consortium: Japan, Germany and England. It was one of five experiments that ran on a circular electron-positron collider known as PETRA which, at the time of its construction in the 1970s, was the largest storage ring in the world.

A positron is the positively-charged antimatter equivalent of an electron. When positrons and electrons are collided at high energy they annihilate, generating further elementary particles that are short-lived in isolation. The most significant achievement of JADE was probably the co-discovery of one such particle, the gluon, and the exploration of its features.

Gluons are the ‘exchange quanta’ of the Strong Force, which is one of the four fundamental forces of nature along with the Electromagnetic Force, the Weak Force (responsible for radioactive decays) and gravitation. It is the force that binds quarks together to form protons and neutrons (the constituents of atomic nuclei), so gluons can be thought of as the ‘glue’ that holds these fundamental particles together. Comparison of gluon traces observed in JADE with predictions from the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) that had first been proposed a few years earlier confirmed the veracity of this theory. “This was one of the motivations for the award of the 2004 Nobel Prize for Physics to three physics who originally developed QCD,” says Bethke.

The review describes how the data obtained by JADE and the software used for its analysis had been preserved for future use. “JADE’s data is unique, and it is useful to be able to re-analyse it with improved knowledge and techniques,” concludes Bethke.

References:  Bethke, S., Wagner, A. The JADE experiment at the PETRA e⁺e^-−collider: history, achievements and revival. EPJ H 47, 16 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/s13129-022-00047-8